BH
Noach spends 150 days on the ark, followed by an additional 40 days as he waits for the floodwaters to recede. In Chapter 8, verse 7, after opening the window of the ark, Noach sends out the raven (orev) to check the situation outside. The raven goes out but keeps circling and returning to the ark, reluctant to fulfill its mission. The Midrash and Gemara shed light on this strange behavior. The raven accuses Noach of sending him out needlessly, but Noach reasons thata he is useless anyways, as he is not a kosher animal, not fit for sacrifices, nor would he be used for food. Suspicious, the raven even implies that Noach intends to take his mate, despite the clear command from Hashem that no one on the ark—human or animal—was allowed to engage in mating due to the seriousness of the flood and the intense judgments (dinim) affecting the world. This restriction is connected to the principle that marital relations should be done in simcha, in a joyful context. Since this was a time of dinim-harsh judgement, joy was absent, making mating inappropriate for both humans and animals.
The raven, however, ignored this restriction and was one of three beings that disobeyed Hashem’s command. The other two were Cham, Noach’s son, who had relations with his wife, and the dog, who also violated the rule. Noach calls the raven a rasha (wicked one) for its failure to trust him and obey Hashem’s directive. This accusation relates to the raven’s known trait of cruelty. Rashi, drawing from the Gemara, explains that mother ravens abandon their young, mistaking them for another species because of their lighter color. Hashem miraculously provides worms in the chicks’ excrement to feed them. In a way, the raven’s cruel nature, combined with its reluctance to carry out Noach’s mission, highlights its character as self-centered and resistant.
Rashi also points out a subtle hint in the verse that connects this incident to Eliyahu HaTishbi (Elijah the Prophet). The Torah’s choice of the word Yevoshet (the drying up of the water) hints at a link between Noach’s actions, the raven, and the future arrival of Eliyahu, a figure who would also be tested by challenges of compassion vs. cruelty.
The Hebrew word Yevoshet, which appears in the verse about the raven, hints at a future role for this bird. Its letters, Yud-Bet-Shin-Tav, correspond to “Tishbi,” referring to Eliyahu HaTishbi (Elijah the Tishbite). This subtlety links the raven’s mission to Eliyahu’s experience during a period of drought and famine brought upon Israel. In that incident, Eliyahu decreed a famine because of King Achav and Queen Jezebel’s idolatry and persecution of righteous prophets. While in hiding, Hashem provided for Eliyahu by sending ravens to bring him food—an incredible contrast, as ravens are known to be self-centered and unlikely to help others. However, these ravens brought kosher meat and bread from King Yehoshaphat’s table, serving Eliyahu with Hashem’s clear divine intention.
This role reversal of the ravens highlights a profound message: despite the generation’s wickedness, Hashem wished to inspire Eliyahu to have compassion, even when punishment seemed justified. Just as Hashem performed a miracle, transforming ravens to serve another, He hinted to Eliyahu to find a spark of compassion for his people. This connection to Eliyahu suggests that even the cruel can perform acts of kindness through divine intervention.
Rebbe Nachman, in Likutey Moharan lesson 24 Part II, teaches that true greatness lies in transforming sadness into joy. He gives the analogy of people at a wedding who may start off reluctant to dance but eventually join, often being pulled into the circle against their will. The ultimate goal is not just to cheer up those who are sad temporarily but to turn their sadness into lasting joy.
This transformation aligns with the raven’s nature, marked by achzariyut (cruelty), which stems from sadness and lack of simcha (joy). Hashem created the raven with dark plumage and a somber disposition, symbolizing this sadness and the cruelty that comes with it. A person who lacks joy can become exacting and unkind, closed off from others. By contrast, happiness leads people to be more open, giving, and generous. When people are joyful, they are naturally inclined toward kindness and compassion, whereas sadness can harden hearts, turning them toward cruelty.
Thus, the raven’s reluctance and cruelty represent the challenge of sadness, while the dove embodies the potential for renewal and hope through joy. This story reminds us that cultivating simcha transforms not only our outlook but our very nature, leading us away from cruelty and toward compassion and kindness.
Thus, Noach’s decision to initially send out the raven, rather than the dove, held symbolic meaning. Despite knowing the raven’s negative characteristics, Noach hoped that, with the world beginning anew, this would be an ideal time to transform cruelty into compassion. He even made the raven feel insignificant, telling it there was “no use” for it in the Jewish future, as it wouldn’t be used for sacrifices or for food. While this was a harsh approach, Noach intended to spark some self-reflection in the raven, similar to how Rebbe Nachman once pushed an individual to see his own potential and worth, even when he felt hopeless.
Despite Noach’s efforts, the raven’s cruelty was too deeply rooted, and it failed the test, refusing to fully carry out its mission. Hashem, however, hinted that the raven’s transformation would come in a later time. Specifically, the raven’s cruelty would find a redemptive purpose during the time of Eliyahu HaNavi. In his zealousness, Eliyahu decreed a long famine on Israel, a harsh punishment that came from a place of justice but lacked compassion. Hashem reminded Eliyahu of the need for mercy by having the ravens bring him food during his time in hiding. This act, against the ravens’ nature, showed Eliyahu the importance of compassion and ultimately led to his role in heralding joyous events, such as the coming of Mashiach and attending every Brit Milah, symbolizing his shift toward simcha (joy) and mercy.
After the raven’s failure, Noach turned to the dove, a symbol of purity and humility, which represents the Jewish people. The dove went out three times, each mission marking stages of hope and progress as the waters receded. The dove’s unique qualities align with Rebbe Nachman’s teaching in Likutey Moharan Lesson 24, which describes how a person’s performance of mitzvot and good deeds, when infused with joy, create a momentum that brings blessings. The dove’s persistence also parallels the Jewish people’s dedication in adversity, unwavering in their connection to Hashem.
Rebbe Nachman emphasizes that true blessing is found in intellectual clarity, which brings deep contentment and a sense of purpose. For Noach, the dove’s mission wasn’t merely about finding dry land—it was about symbolizing the possibility of a new era filled with blessings, clarity, and joy, foundational qualities for rebuilding a righteous world.
Noach’s choice to first send the raven and then the dove reflects a deep spiritual lesson about the transition from darkness to joy and renewal. The raven, symbolizing cruelty and sadness, was chosen with the hope of transforming it into compassion. However, the raven failed to rise to the task, reflecting that it wasn’t yet the time for such a transformation.
In contrast, the dove—a symbol of purity and the Jewish people’s resilience—was sent out three times, each time representing a step closer to a new beginning. The first mission was infused with simcha (joy) in doing a mitzvah, symbolized by the dove’s momentum, striving to fulfill its duty. The second mission saw the dove return with an olive branch, a symbol of intellect, knowledge of Hashem, and spiritual blessing. This intellect is vital but must be combined with emunah (faith), to maintain balance and avoid losing oneself to misconceptions.
Finally, on the third mission, the dove did not return. This symbolizes the merging of finite creation with the Infinite Light, allowing Noach to open the ark’s doors and restart creation. The dove’s success, rooted in joy and willingness to do good, demonstrated that true renewal requires an initial foundation of internal happiness and positivity. Rebbe Nachman teaches that it’s a greater accomplishment to start from an already existing state of joy than to depend on an external light/source to spark it. The raven’s inability to find inner goodness left it circling, unable to carry out its mission, while the dove’s readiness led it to become the messenger of a new world.
This transition from sadness to joy and the importance of maintaining joy in mitzvot is a powerful reminder that transformation begins with our inner state. The dove, a symbol of natural goodness and simcha, was ultimately chosen for the renewal of creation, showing that the key to new beginnings lies in finding joy and meaning within.
This article also appears on the BRI breslov.org website: https://breslov.org/the-joy-of-the-dove/
For a video presentation of the article: https://youtu.be/40ygdxR2n18
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This class is based on Likutey Moharan lesson 24. For more on this lesson: https://linktr.ee/breslovtherapy_lesson_24
Shabbat Shalom and may we all be blessed with a joyful Shabbat!
Meir Elkabas
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